Ancient Maladies: An Exploration of Disease and Pathophysiology in Tanach and the Talmud

The canonical ancient Jewish sources, specifically Tanach and the Talmud, are the guidebooks for how Jews live their lives. They contain ageless morals and lessons, prescribe rules and customs for a holy life, and provide a window into the history and development of the Jewish people. Neither Tanach nor the Talmud is primarily viewed as a reference for modern or medieval medical procedures. Nevertheless, there are many examples in Tanach and discussions in the Talmud that focus on cases of pathophysiology, which are abnormal physiological changes associated with a disease. Surgical or alternative disease treatments are also considered. Various descriptions in Tanach, discussions among the rabbis in the Talmud, and findings of medical historians provide a glimpse at ancient medical afflictions, diagnoses, and treatments. It is important to remember that the medical cases found in the Talmud were not intended to act as a medical or scientific record; rather, the Talmud recorded specific cases and discussions that were relevant to religious practices and laws. There are also cases of pathophysiology and medical care that are recorded in Tanach, including likely uses of artificial respiration and medical explanations of Goliath’s easy defeat. The Talmud contains a detailed description of cranial surgery and possible reasons and remedies for the gastrointestinal problems experienced by priests of the Temple periods.